FTP-File Transfer Protocol

File Transfer Protocol. Whenever you click on a link to download something from a website. A window program pops up that's file transfer protocol. Designed for transferring files from the server to your computer.

And there is another program in your system in case you get disconnected or you computer shut down unexpectedly, will let you continue downloading you file.

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What is Hardware and Software

Hardware can refer to any physical piece of your computer, or other technological device, as well as any external accessories - mice, keyboards, headphones, speakers, etc.

On the other hand, software refers to any sort of program, application, or other virtual piece of technology which resides on a computer, phone, etc. Examples of software include Photoshop Elements, Angry Birds, and Windows.

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What is a URL Address-IP Address Of Google

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. In laymans terms its an address that forwards to a give IP for a webserver that will return you a webpage. There are other ways as well to access these pages. When you are told to "Copy and paste that URL into your browsers address bar" all this means is to take your link, for example, http://www.google.com and paste it into the top of your browser than hit enter to arrive at your website destination.

A fancy way to pretty much accomplish the same objective is to take the URL, for example, http://www.google.com. Now go to Start/Run and type cmd. Or go to your Accessories folder and open Command Prompt.

In this window type:

nslookup www.google.com

This will give you the following IP address: 74.125.226.33

You may now take that series of numbers and paste it into your address bar on your web browser. This will bring you to the homepage of the website.

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First-First Generation of computers

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)


 
Fifth generations computers are only in the minds of advance research scientiets and being tested out in the laboratories. These computers will be under Artifical Intelligence(AI), They will be able to take commands in a audio visual way and carry out instructions. Many of the operations which requires low human intelligence will be perfomed by these computers.

                                            Parallel Processing is coming and showing the possibiliy that the power of many CPU's can be used side by side, and computers will be more powerful than thoes under central processing. Advances in Super Conductor technology will greatly improve the speed of information traffic. Future looks bright for the computers.

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A Structure of a Computer System Process

A structure of a computer system consists of input devices, output devices, the processor , the main memory, and secondary storage devices. The processor is made up of control unit, arithmetic logic unit and the register. The primary memory is made up of RAM, and ROM. The typical input devices are keyboard and mouse. Typical output devices are printer and monitor. The secondary storage devices are typically floppy disk drive, harddisk drive, CD ROM drive or DVD drive.

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What is-ROM Read Only Memory

CPU can only read from Read Only Memory but cannot write to its location. Read only memories are also random access in nature, which means The CPU can randomly access any location within ROM also. The unit of storage for a memory location is usually either a byte which means eight bits. Improvement in technology for constructing flexible ROM has brought, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM into existence. PROM(Programmable read only memory), EPROM(erasable programmable read only memory), EEPROM(Electrically erasable Programmable read only memory.) Primary memory made up with RAM is volatile in nature, the contents of RAM are lost when the power to it gets removed. The contents of ROM are not lost even though power may not be available to it.

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What is-SRAM- Static Random Access Memory.

SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory. The SRAM cell has two cross coupled inverters and uses a standard CMOS process. "The Configuration cell drives the gates of other transistors on the chip-either turning pass transistors or transmission gates on to make a connection or off to break a connection."
In the case of SRAM, designers can use the the chip again at prototyping and the system can be manufactured using ISP. This way a new configuration can be sent instead of sending a totally new chip. System can be updated or changed in real time.
The power needs to be continously supplied to the programmable ASIC for the volatile SRAM to retain the connection information. The configuration DATA can also be loaded from a permanently programmed memory(PROM) every time the system is turned on.

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What is-DRAM or Dynamic Random Access Memory

DRAM or Dynamic Random Access Memory is a type of RAM which holds the data as it is continuously used by a the refresh circuit. Many hundreds of time each second, the content of each memory cell is read and the reading action refreshes the contents of the memory. Due to this refreshing action the memory is called Dynamic and hence DRAM.
DRAM can only hold the data for a fraction of a second and is slower and more complex than SRAM. DRAM takes up less space and are much cheaper.
DRAM's are made from one transistor and one capacitor. The capacitor holds the electricals charge if the bit contains "1" or no charge if the bit is "0". The transistor reads the contents of the capacitor. The charge is held for only a short period of time and then it fades away. That is when refresh circuitry comes in. It reads the content of every DRAM and refreshes them with a new charge before the charge fades away and the data is lost. This is accomplished by "reading every row in the memory chip one row at a time; the process of reading the contents of each capacitor re-establishes the charge."

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